Vitaliy and Pie

最新推荐文章于 2021-04-19 16:37:27 发布

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在一次艰难的寻觅过程中，Vitaly需要通过一系列的房间来找到他最爱的土豆派。每个房间之间的门都需要特定类型的钥匙来开启。Vitaly可以在开始之前购买任意数量的钥匙，但每种钥匙只能开启一扇门。文章讨论了如何最小化钥匙购买数量以确保到达目的地。

开发板推荐：天空星STM32F407VET6开发板

超高性价比 STM32主控 | 超高主频 | 一板兼容百芯 | 比赛神器 | 沉金彩色丝印

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Vitaliy and Pie

Time Limit:2000MS Memory Limit:262144KB 64bit IO Format:%I64d & %I64u

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Description

After a hard day Vitaly got very hungry and he wants to eat his favorite potato pie. But it's not that simple. Vitaly is in the first room of the house with n room located in a line and numbered starting from one from left to right. You can go from the first room to the second room, from the second room to the third room and so on — you can go from the (n - 1)-th room to the n-th room. Thus, you can go to room x only from room x - 1.

The potato pie is located in the n-th room and Vitaly needs to go there.

Each pair of consecutive rooms has a door between them. In order to go to room x from room x - 1, you need to open the door between the rooms with the corresponding key.

In total the house has several types of doors (represented by uppercase Latin letters) and several types of keys (represented by lowercase Latin letters). The key of type t can open the door of type T if and only if t and T are the same letter, written in different cases. For example, key f can open door F.

Each of the first n - 1 rooms contains exactly one key of some type that Vitaly can use to get to next rooms. Once the door is open with some key, Vitaly won't get the key from the keyhole but he will immediately run into the next room. In other words, each key can open no more than one door.

Vitaly realizes that he may end up in some room without the key that opens the door to the next room. Before the start his run for the potato pie Vitaly can buy any number of keys of any type that is guaranteed to get to room n.

Given the plan of the house, Vitaly wants to know what is the minimum number of keys he needs to buy to surely get to the room n, which has a delicious potato pie. Write a program that will help Vitaly find out this number.

Input

The first line of the input contains a positive integer n (2 ≤ n ≤ 10⁵) — the number of rooms in the house.

The second line of the input contains string s of length 2·n - 2. Let's number the elements of the string from left to right, starting from one.

The odd positions in the given string s contain lowercase Latin letters — the types of the keys that lie in the corresponding rooms. Thus, each odd position i of the given string s contains a lowercase Latin letter — the type of the key that lies in room number (i + 1) / 2.

The even positions in the given string contain uppercase Latin letters — the types of doors between the rooms. Thus, each even position iof the given string s contains an uppercase letter — the type of the door that leads from room i / 2 to room i / 2 + 1.

Output

Print the only integer — the minimum number of keys that Vitaly needs to buy to surely get from room one to room n.

Sample Input

Input

3
aAbB

Output

Input

4
aBaCaB

Output

Input

5
xYyXzZaZ

Output

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int mp[200];
int main()
{
	int n;
	scanf("%d",&n);
	char str[1000000];
	scanf("%s",str);
	memset(mp,0,sizeof(mp));
	int ans=0;
	for(int i=0;i<2*n-2;i++)
	{
		if(str[i]>='a'&&str[i]<='z')
			mp[str[i]-'a']++;
		else
		{
			if(mp[str[i]-'A'])
				mp[str[i]-'A']--;
			else
		 		ans++;
		}
	}
	printf("%d\n",ans);
	return 0;
}

开发板推荐：天空星STM32F407VET6开发板

超高性价比 STM32主控 | 超高主频 | 一板兼容百芯 | 比赛神器 | 沉金彩色丝印

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