维基百科的定义：
Subtype polymorphism, almost universally called just polymorphism in the context of object-oriented programming, is the ability of one type, A, to appear as and be used like another type, B. This article is an accessible introduction to the topic, which restricts attention to the object-oriented paradigm. The purpose of polymorphism is to implement a style of programming called message-passing in the literature, in which objects of various types define a common interface of operations for users.
In strongly typed languages, polymorphism usually means that type A somehow derives from type B, or type C implements an interface that represents type B. In weakly typed languages types are implicitly polymorphic.
Operator Overloading the numerical operators +, -, /, * allow polymorphic treatment of the various numerical types: integer, unsigned integer, float, decimal, etc; each of which have different ranges, bit patterns, and representations. Another common example is the use of the "+" operator which allows similar or polymorphic treatment of numbers (addition), strings (concatenation), and lists (attachment). This is a lesser used feature of polymorphism.
The primary usage of polymorphism in industry (object-oriented programming theory) is the ability of objects belonging to different types to respond to method, field, or property calls of the same name, each one according to an appropriate type-specific behavior. The programmer (and the program) does not have to know the exact type of the object in advance, and so the exact behavior is determined at run time (this is called late binding or dynamic binding).
The different objects involved only need to present a compatible interface to the clients (the calling routines). That is, there must be public or internal methods, fields, events, and properties with the same name and the same parameter sets in all the superclasses, subclasses, and potentially interfaces. In principle, the object types may be unrelated, but since they share a common interface, they are often implemented as subclasses of the same superclass. Though it is not required, it is understood that the different methods will also produce similar results (for example, returning values of the same type).
Polymorphism is not the same as method overloading or method overriding.[1] Polymorphism is only concerned with the application of specific implementations to an interface or a more generic base class. Method overloading refers to methods that have the same name but different signatures inside the same class. Method overriding is where a subclass replaces the implementation of one or more of its parent's methods. Neither method overloading nor method overriding are by themselves implementations of polymorphism.
Examples:
1. java
2. C++
多态（Polymorphism）按字面的意思就是“多种形状”。引用Charlie Calverts对多态的描述——多态性是允许你将父对象设置成为和一个或更多的他的子对象相等的技术，赋值之后，父对象就可以根据当前赋值给它的子对象的特性以不同的方式运作（摘自“Delphi4 编程技术内幕”）。简单的说，就是一句话：允许将子类类型的指针赋值给父类类型的指针。多态性在Object Pascal和C++中都是通过虚函数（Virtual Function） 实现的。
多态性是允许将父对象设置成为和一个或多个它的子对象相等的技术，比如Parent:=Child； 多态性使得能够利用同一类(基类)类型的指针来引用不同类的对象,以及根据所引用对象的不同,以不同的方式执行相同的操作.
多态的作用：把不同的子类对象都当作父类来看，可以屏蔽不同子类对象之间的差异，写出通用的代码，做出通用的编程，以适应需求的不断变化。
赋值之后，父对象就可以根据当前赋值给它的子对象的特性以不同的方式运作。也就是说，父亲的行为像儿子，而不是儿子的行为像父亲。
例子：
举个例子：从一个基类中派生，响应一个虚命令，产生不同的结果。
比如从某个基类继承出多个对象，其基类有一个虚方法Tdoit，然后其子类也有这个方法，但行为不同，然后这些子对象中的任何一个可以附给其基类的对象，这样其基类的对象就可以执行不同的操作了。实际上你是在通过其基类来访问其子对象的，你要做的就是一个赋值操作。
使用继承性的结果就是可以创建一个类的家族，在认识这个类的家族时，就是把导出类的对象 当作基类的的对象，这种认识又叫作upcasting。这样认识的重要性在于：我们可以只针对基类写出一段程序，但它可以适 应于这个类的家族，因为编译器会自动就找出合适的对象来执行操作。这种现象又称为多态性。而实现多态性的手段又叫称动态绑定(dynamic binding)。
简单的说，建立一个父类的变量，它的内容可以是这个父类的，也可以是它的子类的,当子类拥有和父类同样的函数，当使用这个变量调用这个函数的时候，定义这个变量的类，也就是父类，里的同名函数将被调用，当在父类里的这个函数前加virtual关键字，那么子类的同名函数将被调用
class A {
public:
A() {}
virtual void foo() {
cout << "This is A." << endl;
}
};
class B : public A {
public:
B() {}
void foo() {
cout << "This is B." << endl;
}
};
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
A *a = new B();
a->foo();
return 0;
}
这将显示：
This is B.
如果把virtual去掉，将显示：
This is A.
前面的多态实现使用抽象类,并定义了虚方法.
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